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Anatomy
of the Ear
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The outer ear comprises the cup-like
structure called the pinna, which directs
sound to the ear canal
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The middle ear consists of the eardrum,
which is a very thin, tense membrane that vibrates when sound waves hit it and a chain of three small
bones called the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil) and staples (stirrup).
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The inner ear is a fluid-filled structure
called the cochlea. The vibrating middle ear bones cause waves in the cochlear fluid, which sends electrical stimuli
transmitted to the hearing nerve and the hearing centers in the brain. The balance
system lies behind the cochlea.
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Anatomy of Larynx
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| The Vocal Ligaments and Conus Elasticus |
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The conus elasticus is a membrane consisting
principally of yellow elastic fibers, which interconnects the thyroid, cricoid and arytenoids cartilages. It underlies the mucous
membrane below the vocal folds and is overlain to some extent by the circothyroid muscle on the exterior of the larynx. Observe the symmetry of the arytenoids cartilages
and their related vocal ligaments. |
| Source: Carmine D.
Clemente, Anatomy: A Regional Atlas of the Human Body, 3rd Edition |
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| The Rima Glottidis During Phonation (Shrill Tones) |
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During the emission of shrill tones, the vocal folds are
approximated and the vocal ligaments tensed resulting in a narrowing of the rima
glottides to a thin slit. |
| Source: Carmine D.
Clemente, Anatomy: A Regional Atlas of the Human Body, 3rd Edition |
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